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horak.
Attorneys at Law Hannover
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Georgstr. 48
30159 Hannover (Headquarter)
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Fon +49 511.35 73 56-0
Fax +49 511.35 73 56-29
info@trademark-agents.de   
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Wittestra脽e 30 K
13509 Berlin
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Fon +49 30.403 66 69-00
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berlin@trademark-agents.de
 
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Herforder Str. 69
33602 Bielefeld
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Fon +49 521.43 06 06-60
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bielefeld@trademark-agents.de
 
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Parkallee 117
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Grafenberger Allee 293
40237 D眉sseldorf
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Alfred-Herrhausen-Allee 3-5
65760 Frankfurt-Eschborn
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Fon +49 69.380 79 74-20
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Colonnaden 5
20354 Hamburg
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Fon +49 40.882 15 83-10
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hamburg@trademark-agents.de
 

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Friedrich-List-Platz 1
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Fon 0341.98 99 45-50
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Landsberger Str. 155
80687 Munich
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Fon +49 89.250 07 90-50
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munich@trademark-agents.de
 
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K枚nigstra脽e 80
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Fon +49 711.99 58 55-90
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International Trademark Law

Trademark law varies significantly across jurisdictions, but international agreements and treaties provide a harmonized legal framework to facilitate global trademark protection. This guide explains key international treaties, trademark laws in major economies (USA, China, Japan, India, and others), registration processes, enforcement mechanisms, and the role of international trademark agents.


1. International Trademark Framework – Key Agreements & Treaties

International trademark protection is governed by several treaties that help businesses secure rights across multiple jurisdictions efficiently.

a) Madrid System (Madrid Agreement & Madrid Protocol)

  • Administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
  • Allows applicants to file one international trademark application covering multiple countries.
  • Includes 130+ member countries, including the USA, EU, China, India, and Japan.
  • Process:
    1. The applicant must have a base application or registration in a home country.
    2. The International Bureau (WIPO) forwards the application to designated member states.
    3. Each country examines and accepts/rejects the trademark under its national laws.

b) Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883)

  • Establishes the priority right, allowing applicants to claim priority within 6 months of filing in another member country.
  • Prevents unfair competition and protects well-known marks.

c) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

  • Part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements.
  • Establishes minimum trademark protection standards for all WTO members.
  • Requires that trademarks be protected for at least 7 years and renewable indefinitely.

d) Nice Agreement (Classification of Goods & Services)

  • Standardizes trademark classification into 45 classes (e.g., Class 25 for clothing, Class 9 for electronics).

e) Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks

  • Harmonizes procedural rules for trademark registration across multiple jurisdictions.


2. Trademark Law in Key Jurisdictions

a) United States (USA) – Lanham Act & USPTO

  • Governing Law: Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. 搂 1051 et seq.)
  • Authority: United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
  • Key Features:
    • First-to-Use System: Rights are based on actual use in commerce, not just registration.
    • Intent-to-Use (ITU) Applications: Allows applicants to secure a trademark before actual use.
    • Common Law Rights: Unregistered trademarks may still be protected if used in commerce.
    • Renewal Every 10 Years: Proof of continued use required.
  • Trademark Infringement Enforcement:
    • Civil lawsuits in federal courts.
    • US Customs & Border Protection (CBP) seizes counterfeit goods.

b) China – First-to-File System & CNIPA

  • Governing Law: Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China
  • Authority: China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA)
  • Key Features:
    • First-to-File System: Trademark rights are granted to whoever files first, not based on use.
    • Bad-Faith Filings: Common issue where third parties register foreign brand names before the real owners.
    • Mandatory Chinese Character Registration: Foreign brands should register a Chinese version to prevent piracy.
  • Trademark Infringement Enforcement:
    • Administrative Complaints via CNIPA.
    • Customs Recordation & Seizure of Counterfeit Goods.
    • Litigation in Chinese IP Courts (challenging for foreign businesses).

c) Japan – Trademark Act & JPO

  • Governing Law: Japanese Trademark Act
  • Authority: Japan Patent Office (JPO)
  • Key Features:
    • First-to-File System: Similar to China, priority is given to the first applicant.
    • Non-Traditional Marks Accepted: Sound marks, color marks, and motion marks can be registered.
    • Trademark Opposition Available: Within two months of publication.
  • Trademark Infringement Enforcement:
    • Civil lawsuits in Japanese courts.
    • Criminal penalties for counterfeiting.
    • Customs seizure measures.

d) India – Trade Marks Act, 1999

  • Governing Law: Trade Marks Act, 1999
  • Authority: Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks (CGPDTM)
  • Key Features:
    • First-to-Use System: Similar to the USA, priority is given to actual users.
    • Well-Known Marks Protection: Strong protection for famous brands.
    • Opposition Period: 4 months after publication.
    • Multi-Class Applications Allowed: Unlike China, multiple classes can be included in one application.
  • Trademark Infringement Enforcement:
    • Civil & criminal penalties.
    • Trademark owners can seek injunctions, damages, and account of profits.

e) European Union (EU) – EUTM System & EUIPO

  • Governing Law: European Union Trade Mark Regulation (EUTMR - (EU) 2017/1001)
  • Authority: European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO)
  • Key Features:
    • Single Application Covers 27 Member States.
    • First-to-File System (like China & Japan).
    • Centralized Opposition & Cancellation Proceedings.
  • Trademark Infringement Enforcement:
    • EU-wide injunctions.
    • Customs seizure under Regulation (EU) 608/2013.

f) United Kingdom (UK) – UK Trade Marks Act 1994 & UKIPO

  • Post-Brexit, UK trademarks are separate from EU trademarks.
  • UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO) handles applications.
  • Common Law Trademark Rights still apply.


3. Trademark Registration Processes in Different Countries

Country

Trademark Office

System Type

Opposition Period

Renewal Period

USA

USPTO

First-to-Use

30 days

10 years

China

CNIPA

First-to-File

3 months

10 years

Japan

JPO

First-to-File

2 months

10 years

India

CGPDTM

First-to-Use

4 months

10 years

EU

EUIPO

First-to-File

3 months

10 years

UK

UKIPO

First-to-File

2 months

10 years


4. Role of International Trademark Agents

International trademark agents specialize in cross-border trademark strategy, filing, and enforcement.

a) Trademark Registration & Strategy

  • Filing trademarks via Madrid System, WIPO, EUIPO, USPTO, CNIPA, JPO.
  • Conducting global trademark availability searches.

b) Trademark Portfolio Management

  • Monitoring and renewing trademarks worldwide.
  • Handling trademark assignments and licensing.

c) Trademark Opposition & Cancellation

  • Filing oppositions against infringing applications.
  • Defending clients in international disputes.

d) Trademark Enforcement & Litigation

  • Sending cease-and-desist letters.
  • Litigating international trademark disputes.
  • Filing customs seizure requests to block counterfeit imports.


5. Conclusion

International trademark law involves a complex, multi-jurisdictional framework. The Madrid System, TRIPS, and Paris Convention provide harmonization, but each country has unique rules. International trademark agents play a crucial role in securing, enforcing, and managing brand protection worldwide.

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